list of amino acids | Structure of Amino Acids

Amino acids are like Lego pieces that build proteins, which are essential for your body. There are many types of proteins, each with specific roles. They're made of long chains of amino acids, and the order of these acids determines their shape and what they do in your body.

What is Amino Acid

Amino acids are molecules, which contain two functional groups, one is carboxylic group and another is amino group. Amino acids are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which one hydrogen atom of carbon chain is substituted by Amino group.

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Structure of Amino Acids

Certain of these (marked *) are the essential amino acids, which must be fed to young animals if proper growth is to take place, these particular amino acids evidently cannot be synthesized by the animal so, it has to be taken from the other materials in its diet.

We see that of all alpha-amino carboxylic acids, in two cases (proline and hydroxyproline) the amino group forms part of a pyrrolidine ring. This common feature gives the amino acids a common set of chemical properties, one of which is the ability to form the long polyamide chains that makeup proteins. It is on these common chemical properties that we shall concentrate.

In other respects, the structure of these compounds varies rather widely. In addition to the carboxyl group and the amino group alpha to it, some amino acids contain a second carboxyl group (e.g., aspartic acid or glutamic acid), or a potential carboxyl group in the form of a carboxamide (e.g., asparagine or glutamine), these are called acidic amino acids. Some contain a second basic group, which may be an amino group (e.g., lysine), a guanidine group (arginine), or the imidazole ring (histidine), these are called basic amino acids. Some of the amino acids contain benzene or heterocyclic ring systems, phenolic or alcoholic hydroxyl groups, and halogen or sulphur atoms. Each of these ring systems of functional groups undergoes its own typical set of reactions.

Amino acids are categorized as either neutral, acidic or basic, depending on the nature of their R groups. Aspartic acid and glutamic acids, each with a second CO₂H in their side chain are acidic amino acids while lysine, arginine and histidine, each with a basic site in their side chain are basic amino acids. All others are neutral amino acids, which are further classified as polar and non-polar depending on whether their side chains have polar substituents (for example, asparagine with an NH₂CO group) or are completely hydrocarbon in nature (for example alanine, valine etc).

Structure and Name of Amino Acid

Formula	Name	Abbreviations
Aliphatic amino acids		glycine	Gly
	alanine	Ala
	valine*	Val
	leucine*	Leu
	isoleucine*	Ileu
Hydroxy-containing amino acids		serine	Ser
	threonine*	Thr
Sulphur-containing amino acids		cysteine	CySH
	methionine*	Met
Acidic amino acids		aspartic acid	Asp
	glutamic acid	Glu
Amides of acidic amino acids		asparagine	Asp(NH2)
	glutamine	Glu(NH2)
Basic amino acids		lysine*	Lys
	arginine*	Arg
Benzene-containing amino acids		phenyl alanine*	Phe
	tyrosine	Tyr
Heterocyclic amino acids		proline	Pro
	4-hydroxyproline	Hypro
	histidine*	His
	tryptophane*	Try