CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

The CBSE Class 12 Chemistry syllabus is divided into three major sections: Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Inorganic Chemistry. This syllabus is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of chemical concepts and their applications, which are essential for students preparing for competitive exams and pursuing careers in science and engineering.

Unit 1: Solid State

Classification of solids: Amorphous and crystalline solids
Crystal lattices and unit cells: Primitive and centered unit cells
Packing efficiency: Close-packed structures
Defects in solids: Point defects
Electrical properties: Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators
Magnetic properties

Unit 2: Solutions

Types of solutions: Binary solutions
Concentration of solutions: Molarity, molality
Raoult’s law: Vapor pressure of liquid solutions
Colligative properties: Relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure
Abnormal molar mass: Van't Hoff factor

Unit 3: Electrochemistry

Electrochemical cells: Galvanic and electrolytic cells
Electrode potential: Standard electrode potential, Nernst equation
Electrolysis: Faraday’s laws
Batteries: Primary and secondary batteries
Corrosion: Electrochemical theory

Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of reaction: Average and instantaneous rate
Factors affecting rate: Concentration, temperature, catalyst
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Integrated rate equations: Zero and first-order reactions
Collision theory: Activation energy

Unit 5: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption
Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
Colloids: Types of colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis

Unit 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Metallurgy: Principles and methods of extraction
Concentration of ores: Hydraulic washing, magnetic separation
Refining: Distillation, liquation, electrolytic refining

Unit 7: p-Block Elements

Group 15 Elements: Nitrogen family
Group 16 Elements: Oxygen family
Group 17 Elements: Halogens
Group 18 Elements: Noble gases
Anomalous behavior of fluorine and oxygen
Oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

Unit 8: d- and f-Block Elements

General properties: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, color, and magnetic properties
Lanthanides and Actinides: Oxidation states, properties of lanthanides, actinide contraction
Coordination compounds: Nomenclature, isomerism, bonding

Unit 9: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds: Werner’s theory
Nomenclature: IUPAC naming
Bonding: VBT and CFT
Importance of coordination compounds: Bio-inorganic chemistry, industrial applications

Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Nomenclature: Haloalkanes and haloarenes
Nature of C-X bond
Mechanism of substitution reactions: SN1, SN2
Elimination reactions
Uses and environmental effects: DDT, freons

Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Nomenclature: Alcohols, phenols, ethers
Methods of preparation: Alcohols from alkenes, phenols from benzene
Chemical properties: Reactions of alcohols and phenols
Uses of alcohols, phenols, and ethers

Unit 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Nomenclature: Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids
Preparation: Aldehydes and ketones from alcohols, carboxylic acids from primary alcohols
Reactions: Nucleophilic addition, oxidation, reduction
Uses: In industrial applications

Unit 13: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Classification, preparation, properties
Diazonium salts: Preparation, properties, and synthetic applications
Cyanides and isocyanides

Unit 14: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Classification, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Proteins: Structure, types, enzymes
Vitamins: Classification and functions
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
Hormones: Types and functions

Unit 15: Polymers

Classification of polymers: Addition and condensation polymers
Types of polymerization reactions: Addition and condensation
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers

Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs and their classification: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, and antibiotics
Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents
Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents

Practical Syllabus

The practical component of the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry syllabus includes qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and preparation of chemical compounds. Students are required to perform experiments, record observations, and submit lab reports. Key experiments include:

Titrations: Acid-base titrations, redox titrations
Salt Analysis: Identification of cations and anions
Preparation of Organic Compounds: Acetanilide, dibenzalacetone
Chromatography: Separation of pigments

Assessment and Exam Pattern

Theory Exam: The theory exam is of 70 marks, with a combination of objective, short, and long answer questions.
Practical Exam: The practical exam is of 30 marks, which includes viva voce, practical records, and experiments.

Conclusion

The CBSE Class 12 Chemistry syllabus is both extensive and crucial for students planning to pursue higher education in fields like chemistry, pharmacy, and chemical engineering. Thorough understanding and regular practice are key to excelling in the board exams and gaining a solid foundation in chemistry.