The ISC (Indian School Certificate) Class 12 Biology syllabus is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of biological concepts, including cell biology, genetics, physiology, and ecology. Here’s a detailed overview:
ISC Class 12 Biology Syllabus
1. Reproduction
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Reproduction in Organisms:
- Asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Modes of reproduction in plants and animals.
- Reproductive strategies.
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Human Reproduction:
- Male and female reproductive systems.
- Menstrual cycle, fertilization, and pregnancy.
- Parturition and lactation.
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Reproductive Health:
- Contraception methods and family planning.
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and their prevention.
2. Genetics and Evolution
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Principles of Inheritance and Variation:
- Mendelian genetics: Laws of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
- Inheritance patterns: Dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles.
- Genetic disorders: Examples and their inheritance.
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance:
- DNA structure and replication.
- RNA types and transcription.
- Protein synthesis: Translation and genetic code.
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Evolution:
- Theories of evolution: Darwinian theory, Lamarckism, and modern evolutionary synthesis.
- Evidence of evolution: Fossils, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.
3. Human Physiology
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Digestion and Absorption:
- Human digestive system, enzymes, and processes of digestion and absorption.
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Breathing and Respiration:
- Respiratory system: Mechanism of breathing, exchange of gases, and respiratory disorders.
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Body Fluids and Circulation:
- Blood and its components, blood groups, and circulatory system.
- Heart structure, cardiac cycle, and blood pressure.
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Excretory Products and their Elimination:
- Excretory system: Kidneys, urine formation, and homeostasis.
- Disorders related to excretion.
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Locomotion and Movement:
- Musculoskeletal system: Types of muscles, bone structure, and movement.
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Neural Control and Coordination:
- Nervous system: Structure of neurons, nerve impulse transmission, and reflexes.
- Brain structure and functions.
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Endocrine System:
- Hormones, endocrine glands, and their roles in regulating physiological processes.
4. Plant Physiology
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Transport in Plants:
- Water and mineral uptake, transpiration, and transport mechanisms.
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Photosynthesis:
- Photosynthetic process, light and dark reactions, and factors affecting photosynthesis.
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Respiration in Plants:
- Cellular respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
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Plant Growth and Development:
- Growth regulators: Hormones and their roles.
- Phases of plant growth and developmental processes.
5. Ecology and Environment
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Organisms and Populations:
- Population interactions: Predation, competition, mutualism, and parasitism.
- Population dynamics and ecological pyramids.
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Ecosystems:
- Structure and function of ecosystems.
- Energy flow, nutrient cycles, and ecological succession.
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Biodiversity and Conservation:
- Importance of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity.
- Conservation strategies and sustainable practices.
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Environmental Issues:
- Pollution: Types, sources, and effects.
- Climate change and its impact on ecosystems and human health.
Practical Work
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Microscopy and Cell Biology:
- Use of microscopes and staining techniques.
- Study of cell structures and types.
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Genetics and Evolution Experiments:
- Mendelian genetics experiments and simulations.
- Evolutionary studies and biodiversity surveys.
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Physiological Experiments:
- Dissection and study of physiological systems.
- Experiments related to plant physiology and respiration.
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Ecological Studies:
- Fieldwork and surveys to study ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Experiments on ecological interactions and environmental impact.
This syllabus provides a strong foundation in biology, integrating theoretical knowledge with practical skills, and preparing students for further studies in biological sciences and related fields.