ICSE Class 12 Syllabus for Biology

The ISC (Indian School Certificate) Class 12 Biology syllabus is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of biological concepts, including cell biology, genetics, physiology, and ecology. Here’s a detailed overview:

ISC Class 12 Biology Syllabus

1. Reproduction

• Reproduction in Organisms:

  • Asexual and sexual reproduction.
  • Modes of reproduction in plants and animals.
  • Reproductive strategies.

• Human Reproduction:

  • Male and female reproductive systems.
  • Menstrual cycle, fertilization, and pregnancy.
  • Parturition and lactation.

• Reproductive Health:

  • Contraception methods and family planning.
  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and their prevention.

2. Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of Inheritance and Variation:

  • Mendelian genetics: Laws of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
  • Inheritance patterns: Dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles.
  • Genetic disorders: Examples and their inheritance.

• Molecular Basis of Inheritance:

  • DNA structure and replication.
  • RNA types and transcription.
  • Protein synthesis: Translation and genetic code.

• Evolution:

  • Theories of evolution: Darwinian theory, Lamarckism, and modern evolutionary synthesis.
  • Evidence of evolution: Fossils, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

3. Human Physiology

• Digestion and Absorption:

  • Human digestive system, enzymes, and processes of digestion and absorption.

• Breathing and Respiration:

  • Respiratory system: Mechanism of breathing, exchange of gases, and respiratory disorders.

• Body Fluids and Circulation:

  • Blood and its components, blood groups, and circulatory system.
  • Heart structure, cardiac cycle, and blood pressure.

• Excretory Products and their Elimination:

  • Excretory system: Kidneys, urine formation, and homeostasis.
  • Disorders related to excretion.

• Locomotion and Movement:

  • Musculoskeletal system: Types of muscles, bone structure, and movement.

• Neural Control and Coordination:

  • Nervous system: Structure of neurons, nerve impulse transmission, and reflexes.
  • Brain structure and functions.

• Endocrine System:

  • Hormones, endocrine glands, and their roles in regulating physiological processes.

4. Plant Physiology

• Transport in Plants:

  • Water and mineral uptake, transpiration, and transport mechanisms.

• Photosynthesis:

  • Photosynthetic process, light and dark reactions, and factors affecting photosynthesis.

• Respiration in Plants:

  • Cellular respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

• Plant Growth and Development:

  • Growth regulators: Hormones and their roles.
  • Phases of plant growth and developmental processes.

5. Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and Populations:

  • Population interactions: Predation, competition, mutualism, and parasitism.
  • Population dynamics and ecological pyramids.

• Ecosystems:

  • Structure and function of ecosystems.
  • Energy flow, nutrient cycles, and ecological succession.

• Biodiversity and Conservation:

  • Importance of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity.
  • Conservation strategies and sustainable practices.

• Environmental Issues:

  • Pollution: Types, sources, and effects.
  • Climate change and its impact on ecosystems and human health.

Practical Work

• Microscopy and Cell Biology:

  • Use of microscopes and staining techniques.
  • Study of cell structures and types.

• Genetics and Evolution Experiments:

  • Mendelian genetics experiments and simulations.
  • Evolutionary studies and biodiversity surveys.

• Physiological Experiments:

  • Dissection and study of physiological systems.
  • Experiments related to plant physiology and respiration.

• Ecological Studies:

  • Fieldwork and surveys to study ecosystems and biodiversity.
  • Experiments on ecological interactions and environmental impact.

This syllabus provides a strong foundation in biology, integrating theoretical knowledge with practical skills, and preparing students for further studies in biological sciences and related fields.