ICSE Class 12 Syllabus for Geography

The ISC (Indian School Certificate) Class 12 Geography syllabus provides an in-depth understanding of physical and human geography, focusing on various geographical phenomena, processes, and their implications. Here’s a detailed overview:

ISC Class 12 Geography Syllabus

**1. Fundamentals of Physical Geography

1. Geography as a Discipline:

   • Nature and scope of geography.
   • Methods of geographical study and its applications.

2. Structure and Composition of the Earth:

   • Earth's internal structure: Lithosphere, mantle, and core.
   • Plate tectonics: Plate boundaries, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.

3. Landforms:

   • Endogenic Processes: Folding, faulting, and volcanic landforms.
   • Exogenic Processes: Weathering, erosion, and deposition.
   • Landform Regions: Characteristics and examples (e.g., mountains, plateaus, plains, and valleys).

4. Climatic Regions:

   • Atmospheric Circulation: Winds, pressure belts, and climatic zones.
   • Climatic Classification: Köppen’s classification and its application.
   • Weather and Climate: Factors affecting weather and climate, climatic regions of the world.

5. Water Resources:

   • Hydrological Cycle: Precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration.
   • Water Bodies: Rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
   • Water Resources Management: Issues, challenges, and conservation.

6. Biomes and Ecosystems:

   • Biomes: Tropical rainforest, temperate forest, grasslands, deserts, etc.
   • Ecosystems: Structure, function, and types of ecosystems.

**2. Human Geography

1. Population:

   • Population Distribution: Factors influencing distribution and density.
   • Population Growth: Trends, migration, and demographic transition.
   • Population Policies: Strategies for managing population growth.

2. Settlement Geography:

   • Types of Settlements: Rural and urban settlements, patterns of settlement.
   • Urbanization: Causes, processes, and consequences of urbanization.
   • Settlement Patterns: Types and factors influencing settlement patterns.

3. Transport and Communication:

   • Transport Systems: Types (road, rail, air, and waterways), network and challenges.
   • Communication: Types of communication (traditional and modern), impact on society.

4. Agriculture:

   • Types of Agriculture: Subsistence, commercial, and mixed farming.
   • Agricultural Practices: Types of cropping systems, irrigation, and impact on the environment.
   • Agricultural Problems and Solutions: Issues facing agriculture and strategies for improvement.

5. Industries:

   • Types of Industries: Primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.
   • Industrial Location Factors: Site and situation factors affecting industrial location.
   • Industrialization: Trends, impacts, and challenges.

6. Regional Planning and Development:

   • Concept of Regional Planning: Objectives and importance.
   • Development Indicators: Economic, social, and environmental indicators.
   • Regional Planning in India: Major planning regions and development strategies.

**3. Practical Work

1. Cartography:

   • Map Reading and Interpretation: Understanding different types of maps (topographic, thematic, etc.).
   • Map Making: Techniques for creating maps, using scale, and symbols.

2. Field Work:

   • Data Collection: Methods for collecting primary and secondary data.
   • Surveying: Techniques for surveying land and interpreting geographical data.

3. Statistical Techniques:

   • Data Analysis: Techniques for analyzing and interpreting geographical data.
   • Graphical Representation: Using graphs and charts to present geographical data.

4. Geographical Techniques:

   • Remote Sensing: Basic concepts and applications.
   • Geographic Information System (GIS): Introduction and use in geographical studies.

Assessment:

• Written Examination:

  • Theory Paper: Questions on physical and human geography concepts, processes, and case studies.
  • Practical Paper: Map reading, data analysis, and application of geographical techniques.

• Internal Assessment:

  • Project Work: Fieldwork, surveys, and analysis of geographical data.
  • Assignments and Presentations: Based on practical and theoretical aspects of geography.

The ISC Class 12 Geography syllabus aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of geographical processes and their impact on the environment and society. It emphasizes the application of geographical concepts through practical work and field studies, preparing students for further studies and careers in geography and related fields.