ICSE Class 12 Syllabus for Biotechnology

The ISC (Indian School Certificate) Class 12 Biotechnology syllabus is designed to give students a comprehensive understanding of biotechnological concepts, techniques, and applications. It covers various aspects of biotechnology, including molecular biology, genetic engineering, and bioprocessing. Here’s a detailed overview:

ISC Class 12 Biotechnology Syllabus

**1. Principles of Biotechnology

1. Introduction to Biotechnology:

   • Definition and Scope: Overview of biotechnology and its applications in various fields (medicine, agriculture, environment).
   • History and Development: Historical milestones in biotechnology and key figures.

2. Biological Principles:

   • Cell Biology: Structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
   • Genetics: Basics of genetics, Mendelian inheritance, and genetic variation.
   • Molecular Biology: DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; central dogma of molecular biology.

3. Biotechnology Techniques:

   • Microscopy: Types of microscopes (light, electron), and their applications.
   • Centrifugation: Principles, types, and applications.
   • Spectroscopy: Principles and applications in biotechnology.

**2. Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology

1. Genetic Engineering:

   • Basic Concepts: Definition, history, and applications of genetic engineering.
   • Tools and Techniques: Restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and vector systems.

2. Recombinant DNA Technology:

   • Cloning Vectors: Plasmids, bacteriophages, and their uses.
   • Gene Cloning: Techniques for gene cloning, including transformation, transfection, and selection.
   • Applications: Production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, and genetic modification.

3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

   • Concept and Principles: DNA amplification, components of PCR, and steps involved.
   • Applications: Use in diagnostics, forensics, and research.

4. Genomics and Proteomics:

   • Genomics: DNA sequencing, gene mapping, and genome analysis.
   • Proteomics: Protein structure, function, and analysis techniques.

**3. Bioprocessing and Industrial Biotechnology

1. Bioprocessing:

   • Introduction: Definition, types, and stages of bioprocessing.
   • Fermentation Technology: Principles, types of fermenters, and applications in industry.

2. Enzyme Technology:

   • Enzyme Characteristics: Properties, classification, and mechanisms of action.
   • Industrial Applications: Use of enzymes in various industries (food, pharmaceuticals, textiles).

3. Biotechnology in Agriculture:

   • Genetically Modified Crops: Techniques for genetic modification, benefits, and risks.
   • Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques for plant propagation and applications in agriculture.

4. Biotechnology in Medicine:

   • Diagnostics: Use of biotechnology in disease diagnosis (e.g., ELISA, molecular diagnostics).
   • Therapeutics: Development of vaccines, antibiotics, and biopharmaceuticals.

**4. Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in Biotechnology

1. Ethical Issues:

   • Bioethics: Ethical considerations in genetic engineering, cloning, and stem cell research.
   • Public Concerns: Issues related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and biosecurity.

2. Legal Issues:

   • Regulations: Laws and guidelines governing biotechnology research and applications.
   • Intellectual Property: Patenting of biotechnological inventions and protection of intellectual property.

3. Social Issues:

   • Impact on Society: Effects of biotechnology on health, environment, and agriculture.
   • Public Awareness: Importance of educating the public about biotechnology and its implications.

Assessment:

• Written Examination:

  • Theory Paper: Questions on biotechnological principles, techniques, applications, and ethical issues.
  • Case Studies: Analysis of real-world applications and implications of biotechnology.

• Internal Assessment:

  • Project Work: Research on a biotechnological topic, including experimental work, data analysis, and presentation.
  • Class Assignments: Practical exercises, presentations, and discussions on biotechnological advancements and issues.

The ISC Class 12 Biotechnology syllabus aims to provide students with a thorough understanding of biotechnological concepts and techniques. It emphasizes both theoretical knowledge and practical skills, preparing students for further studies and careers in biotechnology and related fields.