CBSE Class 12 Geography Syllabus

The CBSE Class 12 Geography syllabus offers a comprehensive study of physical geography, human geography, and the interrelationships between human activities and the environment. The syllabus is designed to enhance students' understanding of geographical concepts, spatial relationships, and environmental issues.

Unit 1: Geomorphology**

Chapter 1: The Origin and Evolution of the Earth
- Theories of the origin of the Earth: Nebular hypothesis
- Geological time scale and the evolution of Earth's surface
Chapter 2: Internal Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
- Earth's internal structure: Core, mantle, crust
- Plate tectonics: Plate boundaries, plate movements, and their effects
Chapter 3: Landforms and their Evolution
- Processes shaping landforms: Erosion, sedimentation, weathering
- Landforms: Mountains, plateaus, plains, and deserts
Chapter 4: Coastal and Marine Processes
- Coastal landforms: Beaches, cliffs, and dunes
- Marine processes: Waves, tides, and ocean currents

Unit 2: Climate and Biogeography**

Chapter 5: Climate and Climate Change
- Factors affecting climate: Latitude, altitude, and proximity to water
- Types of climates: Tropical, temperate, arid, and polar
- Climate change and its impacts
Chapter 6: Biogeography
- Distribution of flora and fauna
- Ecosystems: Forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra
- Biodiversity and conservation

Unit 3: Human Geography**

Chapter 7: Population Geography
- Population distribution and density
- Population growth and demographic transition
- Migration patterns and their impacts
Chapter 8: Human Settlements
- Types of settlements: Rural and urban
- Patterns of settlement: Clustered, linear, and dispersed
- Urbanization and its challenges
Chapter 9: Land Resources and Agriculture
- Land use and land cover changes
- Types of agriculture: Subsistence, commercial, and mixed farming
- Agricultural practices and their impacts on the environment
Chapter 10: Transport and Communication
- Modes of transport: Road, rail, air, and water
- Communication systems: Telephone, internet, and broadcasting
- The impact of transport and communication on development

Unit 4: Regional Geography**

Chapter 11: Regional Planning and Development
- Concepts of regional planning
- Regional disparities and development issues
- Case studies of regional planning in India
Chapter 12: India: People and Economy
- Demographic profile of India
- Economic activities: Agriculture, industry, and services
- Regional variations in development

Unit 5: Environmental Issues**

Chapter 13: Environmental Management
- Environmental degradation and its causes
- Conservation strategies: Sustainable development, environmental policies
- Case studies of environmental management

Assessment and Exam Pattern

Theory Exam: The theory exam typically includes multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions based on the above topics.
Practical Exam: May include fieldwork, data analysis, and interpretation of geographical phenomena.

Conclusion

The CBSE Class 12 Geography syllabus provides a thorough understanding of physical and human geography, focusing on the relationships between humans and their environment. This knowledge is essential for students interested in geography, environmental science, urban planning, and related fields.