Questions of Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods

(b) five thousand.

Explanation: Town is a place where people live and work. It contains many houses, shops, places of work and places of entertainment. It is usually larger than a village but smaller than a city.

(a) 27.

Explanation: Cities are large towns. Some of big cities in India are like Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata.

(a) one million.

Explanation: Cities are very busy always for people who do various works day and night. Huge population is the main characteristic of these cities.

(b) 12.

Explanation: These workers are not employed by anyone; therefore, need to organise their own work.

(a) towns and cities.

Explanation: Hawking zones are places where hawkers could sell their things. They display their things on the road sides in the big cities and towns. So, it creates a lot of congestion and disrupts the free movement of people and vehicles. That is why the idea of creating Hawking zones has been put forward in order to give them separate space for displaying their items without affecting their livelihood.

(b) at lower wage.

Explanation: In the Call centres, Indians have to work for 12 hours or so. Another reason for which the foreign companies want to establish their Call centres is that they want young Indian people to speak their language, i.e., English.

(d) festival season.

Explanation: There were rows and rows of shops selling sweets, toys, clothes, footwear, utensils, electronic goods etc.

(b) biscuits.

Explanation: The factory where the biscuits are made is outside the city. But office of the marketing manger is in an area surrounded by tall buildings in the city. Thus, manufacturing place and marketing place is different.

(d) 50.

Explanation: Salespersons are employers who travel to different parts of the city and get orders from shopkeepers and collect payments from them.

(a) six regions.

Explanation: She meets the salespersons of each region once a week in order to check their progress report and discusses the problems they face. She has to plan the sales in the entire city and often has to work late and travel to different places.

(c) savings for the old age and medical facilities.

Explanation: She alsogets an off on Sundays and national holidays. She also gets some days as annual leave. Her company pays the medical expenses upto a certain amount for her and her family members.

(c) garment factory.

Explanation: She works as a tailor in an export garment unit. The factory where she works makes summer clothes for foreign countries.

(a) long working hours, temporary job and no protection in factories.

Explanation: Nirmala is a non-permanent worker where the employee gets a meager pay, no benefits, no security etc.

(d) eight hours.

Explanation: She gets an extra of Rs.40 if she works more than eight hours. Her normal working day begins at 9 a.m. and finishes only by 10 p.m.

(b) U.S.A., U.K., Germany and Netherlands.

Explanation: The garment factory does not manufacture its summer clothes continuously round the year. By June the work is over and the factory reduces its staff.

(a) casual workers.

Explanation: Casual workers are those who provide labour and services under an irregular or informal working arrangement. A casual worker is usually an independent worker not contracted or hired for regular works.

(b) casual basis.

Explanation: Casual basis workers are required to come and work only when the employer needs them. When employer gets large orders, workers get the work. For the remaining part of the year, they find some other work.

(b) Delhi.

Explanation: NOIDA (New Okhla Industrial Development Authority) is an industrial and service sector area. It is located in Uttar Pradesh.Gurgaon is located in the state of Haryana.

(c) newspapers, cinema theatres, television and radio.

Explanation: Showrooms are large shops in which customers are encouraged to look at the goods that are on sale before buying them.

(a) Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana and Tripura.

Explanation: All these cities are popular for textiles. Mumbai is in Maharashtra, Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Ludhiana in Punjab and Tripura is one of the north-eastern states.

(b) helpers to masons.

Explanation: In almost all big cities and towns in India, one can see a place called “Labour Chowk” where labourers wait for people who come to the spot and take them for works. Generally, the labourers start coming to the Labourer Chowk at 7.30 A.M onwards and return home after works at 8.30 P.M. or 9.00.P. M.

(b) English.

Explanation: In India, 23.18% of the total population speaks English. A Call Centre is a centralised office to deal with problems and questions that consumers and customers have regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking etc.

(b) Bihar.

Explanation: He earns between Rs. 80-100 every day. He is a landless poor. Initially, he worked as a mason, but later became a rickshaw puller as he did not get masonry work regularly.

(d) women.

Explanation: According to “National Policy for Urban Street Vendors” women comprise a huge number of street vendors in nearly every city.

(d) Right to earn their livelihood.

Explanation: Indian government has taken efforts to modify the law that banned street vendors. It also plans to create Hawking Zones for towns and cities for street vendors and hawkers.

(b) traffic and to people walking on the street.

Explanation: To protect the rights of street vendors, National Alliance of Street Vendor of India was started in 2003. It struggles for creating a supportive environment for the street vendors to carry out their legitimate vending.

(b) municipal corporation.

Explanation: It also decides on which day of the week the market has to remain close.