Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common health condition that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms and clinical signs, and its exact cause is not fully understood. However, it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Key features and symptoms of PCOS include:
Irregular Menstrual Cycles: Women with PCOS often experience irregular periods. This can mean infrequent periods (fewer than eight in a year), prolonged periods, or a complete absence of periods.
Hyperandrogenism: This refers to elevated levels of male hormones (androgens) in the body. It can manifest as physical signs like acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face and body), and male-pattern baldness.
Polycystic Ovaries: The ovaries may become enlarged and contain numerous small fluid-filled sacs (follicles) surrounding the eggs. Despite the name, not all women with PCOS have polycystic ovaries, and not all women with polycystic ovaries have PCOS.
Problems with Ovulation: PCOS can interfere with the ovaries’ ability to release eggs regularly, which can contribute to infertility.
PCOS is also associated with a number of other health issues, including:
Insulin Resistance: Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, meaning their bodies can’t use insulin effectively. This can increase blood sugar levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Weight Gain or Obesity: Many, but not all, women with PCOS are overweight or obese, which can exacerbate the condition.
Increased Risk of Other Health Problems: These include heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, depression, anxiety, and endometrial cancer.
The diagnosis of PCOS is typically based on the presence of at least two of these three criteria: irregular or absent menstrual cycles, signs of hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Because other conditions can cause similar symptoms, it’s important to rule out other potential causes.
Treatment for PCOS typically focuses on managing symptoms and may include lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, medications to regulate the menstrual cycle, fertility treatments if pregnancy is desired, and treatments for excessive hair growth and acne. It’s a condition that requires a comprehensive and individualized approach, often involving a team of healthcare providers.
