Write a note on root, stem and leaves of gymnosperm.

Roots: Generally taproots in some genera the roots have fungal associations in the form of mycorrhiza e.g.Pinus. In some the roots are coralloid having association with N₂ – fixing cyanobacteria e.g. Cycas.

Stem: Unbranched e.g. Cycas

Branched e.g. Pinus, Cedrus

Leaves: Simple or compound . Well adapted to withstand extremes of temp., humidity and wind. In conifers, needle like leaves reduce surface area, the cuticle is thick & stomata are sunken to reduces water loss.